Pure calcite (CaCO₃) is transparent — a single crystal is as clear as glass. White marble appears white for the same reason snow appears white: millions of tiny calcite crystals packed together create countless grain boundaries, and each boundary refracts and scatters light in a different direction. The result is diffuse scattering across all visible wavelengths, which the eye perceives as white. The purer the marble — the fewer trace minerals like graphite, iron, or clay — the whiter it appears. Marble with over 95% calcite purity, such as Bianco Sivec or Thassos, approaches a near-pure white. Stones with trace graphite, like Carrara, have a faintly grey undertone because the carbon absorbs a small fraction of the scattered light.